![]() The stand-alone type is a completely individual test. The embedded type that utilize a part or a subtest that belongs to an individual test. In typical self-reported measures such as MMPI-2, the clinician can detect falsified symptoms or over-reporting by examinees through the validity scales. Next, SVTs detect over-reporting or false reports of symptoms and can be used in self-reported measures or structured interviews. PVTs were initially used in forensic settings with a high rate of malingering patients, and were often helpful in determining malingering severity. PVTs detect poor performance and are mainly used in neuropsychological and intelligence tests. One is Symptom Validity Tests (SVTs) that can detect over- and under-reporting symptoms, and the other is Performance Validity Tests (PVTs) that can detect poor performance. There are two main types of test that can identify poor performance and response bias. First, a brief review of the tests that allow the clinician to determine the validity of performances or symptoms will be followed. In this study, the Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (K-WAIS-IV) was used to verify the performance validity of examinees and to suggest the indicator of performance validity so that it can be easily utilized in actual psychiatric settings. Similarly, it may be difficult for the clinician to judge whether or not proper efforts have been made by the examinee in WAIS-IV. The most commonly used performance-based measures in psychiatry can be intelligence tests, and the most recent Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) is one of the most widely used adult intelligence tests. In this case, it may be difficult to judge poor performance or malingering unless clinicians have an objective basis for judging the examinee’s performance validity. Determining validity in performance-based measures entirely depends on the examinee’s performance efforts. In contrast, performance-based measures often do not include the validity scales that are included in the self-reported measures. In another self-reported measure known as the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), the negative impression (NIM) scale measures distorted responses to provide a negative impression, while positive impression (PIM) measures the attempts to impress to provide a positive impression. The L or K scale in the MMPI-2 can effectively detect under-reporting. The F scale in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), one of the most well-known self-reported measures, is a scale that can effectively detect examinees who exaggerate psychopathology in the tests. Generally, self-reported measures have validity scales embedded in the tests which could help clinicians determine the over- or under-reporting of symptoms reported by examinees. ![]() Thus, ensuring the reliability of the psychological test is very difficult. However, it is not easy for the clinicians to determine whether the examinee has made best efforts in the psychological test based on performance-based measures, self-reported measures, and clinical judgments. Specifically, the examinee may show a poor effort in the psychological test by over- or under-reporting their symptoms for various reasons, including legal issues, financial gain, stigmas, or refusal of treatment clinicians must be aware of this to obtain valid data. Testifying the validity of the psychological assessment is very important for both the evaluators and for the clinicians who receive the report. After examinees complete a psychological assessment in a psychiatric setting, clinicians judge whether the examinee is making reasonable efforts in performing the psychological test, is reporting exaggerated symptoms, or conversely, under-reporting their symptoms.
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